European Union transport ministers have approved a contentious proposal allowing airlines to charge passengers extra fees for cabin baggage, sparking backlash from consumer groups and several member states. The decision, part of a broader overhaul of EU air passenger rights, also modifies delay compensation rules and passenger protections in case of flight disruptions.

The reforms, greenlit on Thursday despite resistance from Germany, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain, represent the first major update to EU air travel regulations in over a decade. They aim to harmonize rules across the bloc and provide clearer, more consistent obligations for airlines—but critics argue they come at a cost to consumers.

What Changes Under the New Rules?

Under the new guidelines, passengers will still be allowed one free personal item—such as a small backpack or handbag—that fits under the seat in front. However, additional cabin baggage typically stowed in overhead compartments may now incur fees.

This move has drawn sharp criticism from consumer protection groups and legal experts who point to past rulings from the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which deemed hand baggage a fundamental component of air travel.

“Hand baggage is an integral part of the basic ticket price,” said Steven Berger of the European Consumers’ Organisation (BEUC). “This reform gives airlines a green light to continue charging passengers for luggage they should be allowed to carry for free.”

The proposal comes after BEUC and 16 national consumer associations filed complaints against seven low-cost carriers for what they called unjustified baggage fees.

Compensation for Delays: Thresholds Extended

The reform also alters long-standing compensation rules for delayed flights. Currently, passengers are eligible for compensation of €250 to €600 for delays of three hours or more. Under the new rules:

  • €300 compensation applies for delays over four hours on short or intra-EU flights (under 3,500 km).
  • €500 compensation applies for delays over six hours on long-haul flights (over 3,500 km).

This change is designed to give airlines more flexibility in handling disruptions without facing immediate financial penalties. Kevin Hiney, spokesperson for Airlines for Europe (A4E), welcomed the adjustment: “It gives airlines a fighting chance to manage disruptions, find replacement aircraft or crews, and avoid cascading delays.”

However, BEUC argues the extended thresholds will disqualify many passengers from compensation, especially on shorter flights where delays often fall between two and four hours.

Other Key Measures in the Reform

  • Stronger passenger rights in rerouting: Airlines must offer alternative travel options, including via other carriers or transportation modes. If rerouting isn’t arranged within three hours, passengers may book their own travel and claim up to 400% of the original ticket cost in reimbursement.
  • Expanded care obligations: Airlines are required to provide food, drinks, and accommodation during delays. If they fail, passengers may make their own arrangements and seek reimbursement.
  • Clearer information requirements: Airlines must explicitly inform passengers of their rights at booking and during complaints.
  • Stricter timelines: Passengers have six months to submit claims; airlines must respond within 14 days.

Political and Legal Tensions

Poland, which currently holds the rotating presidency of the Council of the EU, led the push for reform. “This is a historic milestone,” said Infrastructure Minister Dariusz Klimczak. “Over 30 new rights will be guaranteed from ticket purchase to arrival.”

But the path ahead remains uncertain. The European Parliament must now adopt its own position. If approved by a simple majority, the proposal will enter final negotiations with the Council and Commission.

Consumer groups fear the Parliament’s role will be weakened by the fast-tracked legislative procedure. “The reform, pushed through with limited scrutiny, risks undermining passengers’ rights just when they need them most,” said BEUC Director General Agustín Reyna.

“The deal improved some rights on paper,” Reyna acknowledged, “but legitimizing charges for hand luggage and restricting compensation eligibility sends a dangerous message to Europe’s travellers.”